Heat Exchangers11 min
How to Reduce Heat Exchanger Fouling
Fouling is slowed by hydraulics, chemistry, and where you put the dirty fluid. Extra area without velocity control just delays the same shut…
2026-08-14Read Article
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Heat Exchangers
Shell & tube design, selection, fouling, pressure drop, materials, mai…
2
Comparisons
U-tube vs shell-and-tube and other configuration choices…
2
Troubleshooting
Loss of duty, high pressure drop, leaks…
4
Industry Applications
Chemical, pharmaceutical, oil & gas, food & dairy…
5
Engineering Standards
TEMA classes, ASME codes, ISO 9001, weld joint efficiency…
6
Procurement Guide
Datasheets, material selection, vendor evaluation, FAT…
4
Pressure Vessels
ASME Section VIII, PRV, hydro test, fabricator evaluation…
3
Vacuum Systems
Steam jet ejectors, liquid ring pumps, staging, leak testing…
2
Evaporators
Multi-effect systems, falling film vs forced circulation…
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Heat Exchangers Guides
Shell & tube design, selection, fouling, pressure drop, materials, maintenance
Heat Exchangers11 min
Heat Exchanger Cleaning Methods
Cleaning method is a design input. Straight tubes and a removable cover, a pullable U-bundle, or chemical-only access are decided on the GA …
2026-08-14Read Article
Heat Exchangers12 min
Heat Exchanger Mechanical Design
Mechanical design turns a rated bundle into pressure parts: tubesheets, shell, channels, nozzles, and an expansion scheme that matches the m…
2026-08-14Read Article
Heat Exchangers12 min
Heat Exchanger Thermal Design
Thermal design sets area and layout so the dirty duty is met inside ΔP and without a vibrating bundle. Mechanical design then makes that geo…
2026-08-14Read Article
Heat Exchangers13 min
How to Size a Heat Exchanger
Size from duty, LMTD, and a realistic U — then check pressure drop and vibration. Send complete stream data. Do not treat a website as a kW …
2026-08-14Read Article
Heat Exchangers12 min
Types of Heat Exchangers
Name the type from duty and maintainability. Ohm manufactures four tubular configurations. Plate, air-cooled, and floating-head units are in…
2026-08-14Read Article
Heat Exchangers12 min
How Does a Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger Work?
One fluid travels through the tubes; the other is driven across the bundle by baffles. Passes, LMTD, and nozzle design decide whether the un…
2026-08-14Read Article
Heat Exchangers11 min
What Is a Heat Exchanger?
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two process streams without mixing them. Duty, fluid allocation, and configuration are engineering d…
2026-08-14Read Article
Heat Exchangers12 min
Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger: Design and Applications
Shell-and-tube remains the default industrial configuration when pressure, area, and cleanability must be specified on a drawing.
2026-08-12Read Article
Heat Exchangers9 min
Heat Exchanger Maintenance
Maintainability is designed in: channel access, bundle pull space, davits, and metallurgy. A unit that cannot be cleaned will not hold duty.
2026-08-06Read Article
Heat Exchangers9 min
Heat Exchanger Fouling: Types, TEMA Allowances, Prevention and Cleaning Methods
Fouling is the number one cause of heat exchanger underperformance in operating plants. Understanding its mechanisms, specifying the correct…
2026-08-05Read Article
Heat Exchangers8 min
Heat Exchanger Material Selection
Material is a corrosion and code decision owned by the process engineer. The fabricator executes the specified MOC — they should not guess i…
2026-08-05Read Article
Heat Exchangers12 min
Heat Exchanger Design Considerations
A working design balances thermal duty, hydraulics, mechanical integrity, and how the unit will be cleaned and inspected for the next decade…
2026-08-04Read Article
Heat Exchangers8 min
Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop
Allowable pressure drop is a process constraint, not a vendor preference. It decides baffle spacing, pass count, nozzle size, and sometimes …
2026-08-03Read Article
Heat Exchangers11 min
How to Select a Heat Exchanger
Selection is a process decision first and a mechanical decision second. Start from fluids, duty, pressure, fouling, and cleaning — then choo…
2026-08-01Read Article
Heat Exchangers10 min
Shell and Tube vs Plate Heat Exchanger: Choosing the Right Type for Your Process
Plate heat exchangers cost less and are more thermally efficient for clean services. Shell-and-tube handles higher pressures, temperatures, …
2026-07-28Read Article
Heat Exchangers12 min
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Types: TEMA Nomenclature Explained
TEMA's three-letter code system defines every shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Understand what each letter means, which configuration suits wh…
2026-07-01Read Article
Heat Exchangers10 min
Tube Vibration and Baffle Spacing in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Tube vibration is a leading cause of bundle failure in refinery and chemical exchangers. Baffle spacing, shell-side velocity, and tube span …
2026-06-15Read Article
COMPARISONS
Comparisons Guides
U-tube vs shell-and-tube and other configuration choices
Comparisons11 min
Fixed Tube Sheet vs Floating Head Heat Exchanger
Floating head is a TEMA rear-end family. Ohm builds fixed-tubesheet units, with or without a shell expansion joint, and U-tube as the remova…
2026-08-14Read Article
Comparisons9 min
U-Tube vs Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
Both are shell-and-tube family. The difference is the rear end: U-bends versus a second tubesheet. That choice governs expansion, cleaning, …
2026-08-02Read Article
TROUBLESHOOTING
Troubleshooting Guides
Loss of duty, high pressure drop, leaks
Troubleshooting12 min
Causes of Heat Exchanger Failure
Most exchanger failures are tube leaks, vibration wear, expansion damage, or gasket/partition leaks. Fix the mechanism; a larger replacement…
2026-08-14Read Article
Troubleshooting10 min
Heat Exchanger Troubleshooting
If duty has fallen, decide whether the process changed, the unit is dirty, the bundle is bypassing, or a leak is mixing streams — before you…
2026-08-07Read Article
INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
Industry Applications Guides
Chemical, pharmaceutical, oil & gas, food & dairy
Industry Applications10 min
Heat Exchangers for Food & Dairy Applications
Food and dairy exchangers need the hygienic rules written on the order. 'Food grade' without finish, fittings, and CIP intent is not a speci…
2026-08-11Read Article
Industry Applications11 min
Heat Exchangers for Oil & Gas
Energy-sector exchangers are specification-driven. Attach the purchaser standard. Do not rely on a website to replace SAES, DEP, or API data…
2026-08-10Read Article
Industry Applications10 min
Heat Exchangers for Pharmaceutical Applications
Pharma specifications succeed when finish, material certificates, and cleaning are written down. They fail when 'GMP' is used as a substitut…
2026-08-09Read Article
Industry Applications11 min
Heat Exchangers for Chemical Processing
Chemical duties fail from chemistry and specification gaps more often than from fabrication. Name the fluid, contaminants, and cleaning meth…
2026-08-08Read Article
ENGINEERING STANDARDS
Engineering Standards Guides
TEMA classes, ASME codes, ISO 9001, weld joint efficiency
Engineering Standards12 min
API 660 Heat Exchanger Overview
API 660 is a purchaser specification for shell-and-tube exchangers. Ohm designs to it when it is attached to the enquiry — it is not an Ohm …
2026-08-14Read Article
Engineering Standards11 min
ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessels: A Practical Guide for Buyers and Engineers
ASME Section VIII is the code that keeps pressure vessels from killing people. Division 1 or Division 2, U-stamp or UM-stamp, Form U-1 or U-…
2026-07-15Read Article
Engineering Standards9 min
TEMA Classes R, B and C: What They Mean and How to Specify Correctly
TEMA Class R, B and C are not just labels — they specify tubesheet thickness, corrosion allowances, shell thickness minimums, tie-rod counts…
2026-07-08Read Article
Engineering Standards9 min
Weld Joint Efficiency in ASME Vessels: RT, Spot RT, and No RT Explained
Joint efficiency (E) is the factor that converts calculated minimum wall thickness to actual required thickness. Full RT (E=1.0) allows thin…
2026-06-18Read Article
Engineering Standards8 min
ISO 9001:2015 for Equipment Buyers: What Certification Actually Means
ISO 9001 tells you the manufacturer has a documented quality management system — it does not guarantee your specific vessel is correctly des…
2026-06-10Read Article
PROCUREMENT GUIDE
Procurement Guide Guides
Datasheets, material selection, vendor evaluation, FAT
Procurement Guide11 min
Heat Exchanger Testing Procedures
Pressure parts are hydrotested. NDT follows the ITP. Do not assume pneumatic or helium leak testing is standard on every Ohm unit.
2026-08-14Read Article
Procurement Guide12 min
Heat Exchanger Inspection Checklist
Manufacturer checks prove the unit matches the approved drawing and ITP. Purchaser checks prove that is what you ordered. Do not mix the two…
2026-08-14Read Article
Procurement Guide12 min
Materials of Construction for Process Equipment: A Practical Selection Guide
Choosing the wrong material of construction is one of the most expensive mistakes in process equipment. Over-specifying exotic alloys wastes…
2026-08-08Read Article
Procurement Guide11 min
Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) for Process Equipment: Inspection Checklist
Inspecting equipment at the manufacturer's facility before dispatch catches defects that are expensive to fix on site. This checklist covers…
2026-08-06Read Article
Procurement Guide10 min
How to Evaluate Heat Exchanger Vendor Quotations: A Technical Checklist
The lowest-priced heat exchanger quotation is rarely the best value. This checklist covers the thermal, mechanical, and commercial items to …
2026-08-01Read Article
Procurement Guide10 min
How to Prepare a Heat Exchanger Process Datasheet: A Field Engineer's Guide
An incomplete heat exchanger datasheet is the single biggest cause of delayed quotations and post-order design changes. Here is exactly what…
2026-07-22Read Article
PRESSURE VESSELS
Pressure Vessels Guides
ASME Section VIII, PRV, hydro test, fabricator evaluation
Pressure Vessels8 min
Hydrostatic Testing of Pressure Vessels: What Buyers Should Witness
The hydrostatic test is the final proof that a pressure vessel can safely contain its design pressure. Knowing what to expect — test pressur…
2026-07-12Read Article
Pressure Vessels9 min
Pressure Relief Valve Sizing for Pressure Vessels and Reactors
Every ASME pressure vessel requires overpressure protection. Understanding the relief scenarios — fire, blocked outlet, runaway reaction, th…
2026-07-05Read Article
Pressure Vessels10 min
Chemical Reactor Types: Batch, CSTR, and Jacketed Vessel Selection
Reactor selection depends on reaction kinetics, heat removal rate, mixing intensity, and phase behaviour. Specifying the wrong jacket type o…
2026-06-25Read Article
Pressure Vessels11 min
Distillation Column Design: Key Parameters Process Engineers Must Specify
A distillation column enquiry that only states 'separate component A from B' will receive a quotation based on assumptions. Here are the par…
2026-06-20Read Article
VACUUM SYSTEMS
Vacuum Systems Guides
Steam jet ejectors, liquid ring pumps, staging, leak testing
Vacuum Systems11 min
Steam Jet Ejectors: Working Principle, Multi-Stage Systems and Selection Guide
Steam jet ejectors have no moving parts, handle corrosive vapours, and achieve deep vacuum. But they consume significant motive steam and ne…
2026-08-01Read Article
Vacuum Systems8 min
Vacuum System Leak Rate Testing: Acceptance Criteria and Methods
A vacuum system that cannot hold vacuum will never achieve design suction pressure. Leak rate testing — by pressure rise or helium sniffing …
2026-07-25Read Article
Vacuum Systems9 min
Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump Selection: When to Use Instead of Steam Ejectors
Liquid ring vacuum pumps are motor-driven, handle condensable vapours well, and suit moderate vacuum levels. They consume electricity and se…
2026-07-18Read Article
EVAPORATORS
Evaporators Guides
Multi-effect systems, falling film vs forced circulation
Evaporators10 min
Multi-Effect Evaporators: Working Principle, Configurations and Energy Savings
A triple-effect evaporator consumes roughly one-third the steam of an equivalent single-effect unit. Understanding how multiple effects work…
2026-08-10Read Article
Evaporators9 min
Falling Film vs Forced Circulation Evaporators: Which Suits Your Liquid?
Falling film evaporators offer short residence time for heat-sensitive products. Forced circulation handles viscous, scaling, and crystallis…
2026-08-03Read Article
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